The tourist information office is located in the south flank of the town hall in the western corner of Chinggis Square. The street passes by the southern edge of the central square, Sükhbaatar Square, which has roots in the central square of old Urga. The Chinese financed its paving in the 1950s. This street dates back to old Urga when it was called the Chölöö (Broad Avenue). Peace Avenue ( Enkh Taivny Örgön Chölöö) is the main street, stretching from east to west through the center with shopping and restaurants all along it. The newest sixth layer is the Ulaanbaatar of 2000 to the present, where Mongolia has fully joined the onslaught of globalization, with modern brands and amenities and an explosive growth in population, (having more than doubled from its paltry size of 700'000 in 2000). The fifth layer, corresponding to the decade of the 1990s, was a stagnant period marked by poverty and bread lines which left a poor impression on the few visitors who passed through the city after its opening from communism. It was in this period that the city was named Ulaanbaatar khot, literally " Red Hero City". The fourth layer is the socialist period of 1924-1990 which saw the destruction of temples, the confiscation of private property, and Stalinist purges, but also the emergence of Mongolia as a modern, independent nation with Ulaanbaatar as its main showcase. The third layer is the late Qing dynasty Urga of 1778-1924 which can be found in surviving buildings such as the Gandan monastery. This mobile monastery era survives today as cultural forms (Genghisid memory, Mongolian temple architecture, wooden fenced ger districts, Mongolian script, and Buddhism, traditional clothing, festivals, wrestling, music), and as physical artifacts kept in museums (Zanabazar masterpieces). The monastic center moved multiple times and eventually settled at its present location in 1778, in the middle of a trading route between Russia and China. The second layer is the Urga or Örgöö of 1639-1778 - what would become Ulaanbaatar was established as a nomadic monastic center for the spiritual leader Zanabazar in 1639 - 230 kilometres (143 miles) south-west of Ulaanbaatar today. From the 20,000-year-old Paleolithic settlement on the Zaisan monument to the 12th-century palace of the Nestorian Christian monarch Toghrul, there is a lot to learn and discover about this deep first layer of Ulaanbaatar. Located in the forested and watered zone of northern Mongolia, it resides near the 2,000-year-old royal tombs of the Xiongnu, the 8th-century Turkic inscription of General Tonyukuk, and the birthplace of Genghis Khan. Here the rivers Selbe and Tuul meet at the foot of the imposing Bogd Uul Mountain. Ulaanbaatar lies in the Altan Tevshiin Kundii (Valley of the Golden Cradle). Long gone are the days when this city was just a typical, drab Soviet-bloc town in the middle of nowhere. Ulaanbaatar is a city of many different and distinct layers. Understand Ulaanbaatar (Urga) in 1913 Downtown Ulaanbaatar in 2015 From October to March, the city is engulfed by smoke from the growing number of cars, as well as smoke from the ger khoroolol, the slums surrounding the urban core of the city where residents live in gers (yurts) and use coal for heating up their homes. Due to Ulaanbaatar's distinction of being the world's coldest capital, its important to know when to visit - summer and early autumn are pleasant. The city is known for its impressive museums, old monasteries, high quality restaurants, cinemas, theaters, and proximity to scenic natural spots such as Bogd Khan Mountain which is frequented by hikers. ![]() The central parts of the city are walkable and have many attractions for both visitors and locals. ![]() Ulaanbaatar has a city center that is clean and developed, with modern skyscrapers, hotels, and malls showcasing local and international brands. ![]() It's a city where authentic Mongolian culture thrives in an urban setting, which has made it a destination in its own right. Ulaanbaatar is located in the Tuul River valley, just east of the center of the country in a forest-steppe region close to the birthplace of Genghis Khan. In 2014 it became the main terminal of the Ulaanbaatar Railbus.Ulaanbaatar (Улаанбаатар) - also Ulan Bator, UB, or in the local language, Khot ("the city") - is the capital and the largest city of Mongolia - with a population of 1.6 million as of 2020, half of the country lives here. The Trans-Mongolian Railway passes through the station. The station is the center of regional and international traffic in Mongolia, and is the largest station in the country. Ulaanbaatar ( Mongolian: Улаанбаатар өртөө) is the main railway station of Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia.
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